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| ESPI Metals1050 Benson Way Ashland, Oregon 97520 541.488.8311 telephone 800.638.2581 toll-free 541.488.8313 fax 800.488.0060 toll-free fax sales@espimetals.com |
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Foil and Sheet Form Overview |
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ESPI offers foil and sheet made up of many different elements and alloys as well as numerous other forms and purities, up to 6N (99.9999%), including:
All forms can be manufactured to custom specifications. Or, for those time critical applications where standard sizes will meet project requirements, take advantage of ESPI’s Ready-To-Ship (RTS) program. ESPI stocks pre-fabricated items in foil and sheet that are available for same day shipment.* To view the Ready to Ship products, click here. For a quotation, call, e-mail or click "Chat Now" to the right for immediate assistance. * Order must be received by 1:00 pm Pacific Rolling Sheet and Foil
Cold rolling
Hot rolling
Workmanship StandardsWhere not specified in the purchase order or contract, ESPI shall apply standard workmanship tolerances: Rounds (rod, wire, etc): diameters ≤0.004": +/-0.0005", diameters ≥0.005": +/-10% Profiles (plate, sheet, foil, etc): thickness ≤0.004": +/-0.0005", thickness ≥0.005": +/- 10% Other non-machined solids (powder, shot, pieces, etc): +/-10% for weight, +/-25% for size. If you need a tighter tolerance, just ask! PurityMaterial purities indicate a minimum purity. Purities may be higher than stated in the material description based on availability. When no internal analysis is available, calculation of purity levels rely on the ingot analysis provided by the mill. Purities of fabricated metal products are generally based on ingot chemistry. Stated purity is on a metals basis; non-metals and gases are excluded. Elements falling below lower detection limits are counted as not being present. When non-metal and gas impurity levels are known they will be indicated on the certificate of analysis. When no specific analysis is available a typical analysis will be provided. Rare Earth purities are based upon rare earth contaminants only. Zirconium purity excludes hafnium. Niobium purity exludes tantalum. Quality AssuranceESPI's comprehensive line of high-purity metals, alloys, and chemical compounds are distributed to scientists worldwide. We have earned the trust of our customers by maintaining a strong commitment to quality and excellence. The figures given as typical analyses have been compiled as an average of previous batches. They are provided as a guide to the nature and extent of the impurities which may be expected and may vary from batch to batch. Actual material analyses will be provided free of charge upon request for those items which have had analysis work conducted in the normal course of production. For those items for which no analysis has been conducted, an analysis will be provided for a charge.
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Leonardo da Vinci is attributed with creating the first design of a machine to roll lead into sheets. Da Vinci's basic concept is the same one used by the modern rolling mills of today. Most foils and sheets are made by hot or cold rolling through industrial roll mills. The rolling process involves incrementally reducing the material's thickness by successive passes between two rolls. Roll mills come in multiple configurations: 2Hi roll mills employ two work rolls; a 4Hi employs four rolls - two smaller work rolls and two larger backup rolls. A sendzimir roll mill or cluster mill is composed of multiple rolls and is capable of reducing material to extremely thin foils. Rolled sheet and foil can be found in many industrial and consumer products, from cars to toasters to the aluminum foil used to wrap up last night's leftovers.
Cold rolling is a process where the metal is worked below its recrystallization temperature, usually at room temperature. Cold rolling increases strength via strain hardening (also known as work hardening). This strengthening occurs because of movement within the crystal structure of the metal (described as dislocation movements and dislocation generation). Some metals become too hardened or brittle during rolling to continue reducing in thickness, and so must be annealed (heated above the recrystallization temperature) before they can be further reduced. The condition or temper of a metal sheet or foil can be controlled by the amount of cold rolling performed after the last anneal. Some metal sheets and foils are routinely heated after being rolled to the desired thickness and are sold in an annealed or stress-relieved condition. Other metals may not be routinely annealed after rolling but annealing can be performed on request. Cold rolling improves the surface finish of the metal and holds tighter tolerances.
Hot rollling is performed at temperatures above the recrystallization temperature of the metal. This allows the grains to recrystalize (nucleate and grow until the original grains have been consumed) during deformation. Recrystallization relieves strain hardening. In small operations the material starts at room temperature and must be heated. Large hot rolling operations start with large pieces of metal from a continuous casting operation, such as slabs and billets, and they are usually continuously fed directly into the rolling mills at the proper temperature. Hot rolling is used principally to produce sheet metal or simple cross sections, such as rail tracks. The specific properties of a particular metal or alloy may also determine whether it must be hot-worked.